QUESTION AND ANSWER

oleh: sagitri kunti reksa ayu

Question

1.                  How translation problem impede intercultural communication?

2.                  Language as nationalism and the intercultural communication problems than can develop in bilingual societies.

3.                  Basis for the arguments on whether the United State should have an official language ;

Answer

1)                  In this chapter deal with two ways in which language affects intercultural communication:

a)                  Translation problems between languages and language as nationalism.

b)                  A second ways that language as barriers is when the use of a particular language is forced on a people by the with more power.

2)                  Communication can fluently when we have vocabulary, the other people understand language, because every word has different meaning and the state has different language nationalism.

3)                  Whereas Canada has two official languages and India many, the United State has one. Nowhere does the U.S Constitution provide for an official language, although having one was seriously considered. Before 1980, only two states had official-English laws: Nebraska in 1920 and Illinois in 1923. But in the 1980s, the official-English movement became active, due in large part to the large number of Hispanic immigrants, some of whom have not assimilated as quickly as earlier immigrants. 

Other arguments to make English the official language point to the millions spent on bilingual education, bilingual ballots, and high school equivalency diploma tests, driving tests in foreign languages and instants translation of court proceedings for defendants who do not speak English.

VOCABULARY

Accustomed                : biasa, kebiasaan

Lack                            : kekurangan

Surrender                    : menyerahkan

Bland                          : lunak

Contempt                    : jijik

Led                              : memimpin

Atomic                                    : yang berkaitan dengan atom

Weapons                     : senjata

Bucket                         : ember, timba

Toss                             : melemparkan

Allegedly                    : menurut dugaan orang

Innocent                      : tidak bersalah

Provoking                    : bersifat merangsang

Merriment                   : bersuka-ria

Emblazoned                : menghiasi

Flattening                    : meratakan

Adequate                    : cukup

Trial                             : pemeriksaan pengadilan

Strictly                                    : dengan keras

Adhered                      : melekat, mengikuti

Avoided                      : menghindari

Revise                         : meninjau kembali

Intelligible                   : dapat dimengerti

Enforces                      : menyelenggarakan

Invasion                      : penyerbuan, pelanggaran

Penetrating                  : tajam, menusuk

Impose                                    : menjatuhkan, mengganggu

Spread                         : menyebarkan

Diverse                        : bermacam-macam

Incorporated               : perseroan terbatas, tergabung berbentuk badan hukum

Lubricant                     : minyak pelumas

Reluctance                  : keengganan

Eloquence                   : kelancaran berbicara

Gabby                         : temberang

Dignity                        : martabat

Discouraged                : mengecilkan hati

Fear                             : takut

Ratified                       : mengesahkan

Defeated                     : mengalahkan

Sovereignty                 : kedaulatan

Empowered                 : memberi kuasa/wewenang

Declare                        : megumumkan

Exclude                       : mengeluarkan

Petition                        : mengajukan (surat) permohonan

Pressed                        : yang ditekan

Assimilated                 : mengerti, menerima

Ordinance                   : peraturan

Repealed                     : mencabut

Violate                                    : melanggar

Civil                            : sipil

Failure                         : kerusakan, kegagalan

Ancestry                      : keturunan

Spent                           : megeluarkan

Ballots                         : surat suara

Defendants                 : terdakwa

Burden                                    : menyusahkan

Fracture                       : mematahkan

Fragment                     : pecahan, membagi menjadi kepingan-kepingan

Widespread                 : tersebar luas

Influx                          : pemasukan, gelombang

Prohibit                       : mencegah

Restriction                   : pembatasan

Curtailed                     : membatasi

Appealed                     : permohonan

Affirmed                     : menegaskan

Accused                      : menyalahkan

Racist                          : orang yang membenci suku bangsa lain

Weakening                  : melemahkan

Verge                          : pinggir, bebatasan dengan

Extinction                   : pemadaman

Indigenous                  : asli, pribumi

Proponents                  : pendukung

Statehood                    : status sebagai negara bagian

Moribund                    : hampir meninggal

Codified                      : menyusun

Preceding                    : yang terdahulu

Interfere                      : mencampuri

Avoid                          : menghindari

Accuracy                     : kecermatan

Recall                          : mengingat

Compounded              : gabungan, mempersulit

Attempt                       : mencoba

Particular                     : fakta, keterangan

Forced                         : terpaksa

Grasping                      : tamak, loba

Incorporated               : tergabung

Extinction                   : pemadaman

Convey                        : menyampaikan

Lubricant                     : minyak pelumas

Moribund                    : hampir mati

Contempt                    : jijik

Intuitive                      : berdasarkan instuisi

Counterpart                 : rekan

Voluntarily                  : sukarela

Kicked the bucket       : meninggal dunia

Dignity                        : martabat

Embraced                    : saling berpelukan

Oppressed                   : terimpit

Emblazoned                : dihiasi,menghiasi

Segregation                 : pemisahan 

Adhered                      : melekat

Separatist                    : org yg memisahkan
penetrating                  : tajam,menusuk

Defeated                     : kekalahan

Stretching                    : bidang

Declared                      : mengumumkan

Diversity                     : perbedaan

Pamphelets                  : brosur, surat sebaran

Allegendly                  : dugaan orang

Tadpole                       : berudu

Unbearable                  : tak dapat ditahan

Chambermaid              : pelayan

Perambulate                : kereta bayi

Ascension                    : kenaikan

Impropriety                 : ketidakpastian

Obstacle                      : rintangan/ halangan

Barrier                         :rintan

THE COMPREHENSION OF THE TEXT

Language as a barrier

In this chapter deal with two ways in which language affects intercultural communication:

1.      Translation problems between languages

2.      Language as nationalism. A second ways that language as barries is when the use of a particular language is forced on a people by the those with more power.

TRANSLATION PROBLEMS BETWEEN LANGUAGES

Five translation problems that can become barriers to intercultural communication:

1.      Vocabulary equivalence

2.      Idiomatic equivalence

3.      Grammatical-syntactical equivalence

4.      Experiential equivalence

5.      Conceptual equivalence

One way to improve translation is to use back translation that involves first translating into second language, then translating back into the first language, and then comparing the result to the original.

LANGUAGE AS NATIONALISM

A second ways that language as barriers is when the use of a particular language is forced on a people by the with more power. The Brazilian Freire (1992) used the term cultural invasion that:       

            To refer to one group penetrating the culture of another group to improve its own view of the world.

            Can be physical and overt as in war and political takeover or it can be indirect or even in the form of helping.

THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH

English has grown to dominate the areas of science, technology, commerce, tourism, diplomacy and pop culture.

FRANCE

France has been a true melting pot of cultures. President Francois Mitterrand created the high commission of the France language, its charge being to introduce new French words to replace Franglais (words mixing English and France).

JAPAN

Japanese is Japan’s official language. Japanese and English are structurally very different. The Japanese culture is reflected in many ways in the language.

The differences between communication styles in the United State and Japan may be described as follows:

1.      Orientation to interaction

United State    : place value on self-sufficiency and independence objectivity, cause effect and linear determinism.

Japan               : place more value on the interpersonal relationships with family, friend and colleagues and accepts the reality that develops out of those relationships.

2.      Code preference

United State    : its diversity and the value place on individual correlate to a preference meaning, verbal or nonverbal.

Japan               : its homogeneity and values placed on interdependence correlate to the important placed nonverbal code.

3.      Interaction format

United State    : pragmatic, quantitative and persuasive.

Japan               : process oriented for a holistic or harmonizing outcomes.

Communication is a mean of seeking consensus and as such, is by nature intuitive, emotional and adaptive.

CHINA

It’s easy to assume that Chinese is the language of China. In fact, though, China has historically been a land of many diverse dialect and over 50 ethnic groups.

Standard Chinese, based on mandarin dialect, is the national language spoken by 70% of the population. English was once forbidden in China. Nonetheless, China, too, is acting to protect its language from Western word borrowings.

SINGAPORE

Singapore once discouraged the use of Chinese out of fear of the spread of Chinese communism and took pride in having English as national language.

SOUTH AFRIKA

Now known African-accented English is becoming the norm just as the lingua franca of the country.

CANADA

The prime minister announced officially that Canada would be bilingual and multicultural.

INDIA

India is a country of diversity: a multiplicity of language as well as religions, castes and living condition. Hindi as an official language would exclude those who don’t speak it. Using English would at least give everyone an equal handicap.

UNITED STATES

After independence, there have been times when some have pressed to make English the official language of the United States. The new article would state:

Ø  Section 1. The English language shall be the official language of the United States.

Ø  Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

·         The situation in Hawaii

Hawaii had no written language. Hawaiian makes up about 12% of the state’s population and is the fourth largest ethnic group behind Whites, Japanese-Americans, and Filipino-Americans. Recognizing that the loss of language also means the loss of the culture.

·         Loss of Native American Language

In Colonial times, as many as 500 indigenous languages were spoken in North America. The act endorses the preservation of indigenous language and encourages the use of Native American Languages of instruction.

EUROPE

The Basque language Euskera is spoken in France and Spain at the western and of the Pyrenees.

In this chapter, cutler is shared and revealed through verbal and nonverbal symbols and how it can be said that communication and culture are truly inseparable.

FROM THE INTERCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Language can be defined as the set of symbols shared by community to communicate meaning and experience. Language can be a barrier when it becomes an issue of nationalism. Because language carries elements of culture. One negative effect of language nationalism is the loss of language and culture of non dominant groups within a country